Shame and Medicine Exeter
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Bibliography

Our goal is to provide an online bibliographical resource that includes literature from various disciplines that directly considers shame and shame experiences in medicine, medical professional culture, medical training, public health and related areas. This bibliography is a work in progress and will be added to over the course of the project. Please email us with any suggestions for additional sources.

  • Barrett J, Scott KM. Acknowledging medical students’ reports of intimidation and humiliation by their teachers in hospitals. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Jan;54(1):69-73. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13656
  • Bleakley A, Marshall R. (2017) Abuse and shame in Homer and medicine, Review of Communication. 2017. 17:3, 182-198, DOI: 1080/15358593.2017.1331253
  • Boehm KS, McGuire C, Boudreau C, Jenkins D, Samargandi OA, Al-Youha S, Tang D. The Shame-Blame Game: Is It Still Necessary? A National Survey of Shame-based Teaching Practice in Canadian Plastic Surgery Programs. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019 Feb 25;7(2):e2152. DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000002152
  • Bond ME. Exposing shame and its effect on clinical nursing education. J Nurs Educ. 2009 Mar;48(3):132-40. DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20090301-02
  • Bynum WE 4th, Dong T, Uijtdehaage S, Belz F, Artino AR Jr. Development and Initial Validation of the Shame Frequency Questionnaire in Medical Students. Acad Med. 2024 Jul 1;99(7):756-763. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005713. 
  • Bynum WE 4th, Jackson JA, Varpio L, Teunissen PW. Shame at the Gates of Medicine: A Hermeneutic Exploration of Premedical Students’ Experiences of Shame. Acad Med. 2023 Jun 1;98(6):709-716. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005152.
  • Bynum WE 4th, Uijtdehaage S, Artino AR Jr, Fox JW. The Psychology of Shame: A Resilience Seminar for Medical Students. 2020 Dec 24;16:11052. DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11052.
  • Bynum WE 4th, Teunissen P, Varpio L. “In the Shadow of Shame”: A Phenomenological Exploration of the Nature of Shame Experiences in Medical Students. Acad Med. 2021 Aug 3. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004261.
  • Bynum WE 4th, Adams AV, Edelman CE, Uijtdehaage S, Artino AR Jr, Fox JW. Addressing the Elephant in the Room: A Shame Resilience Seminar for Medical Students. Acad Med. 2019 Aug;94(8):1132-1136. DOI: 1097/acm.0000000000002646
  • Bynum WE 4th, Artino AR Jr, Uijtdehaage S, Webb AMB, Varpio L. Sentinel Emotional Events: The Nature, Triggers, and Effects of Shame Experiences in Medical Residents. Acad Med. 2019 Jan;94(1):85-93. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002479
  • Bynum WE 4th, Artino AR Jr. Who Am I, and Who Do I Strive to Be? Applying a Theory of Self-Conscious Emotions to Medical Education. Acad Med. 2018 Jun;93(6):874-880.  DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001970
  • Bynum WE 4th, Varpio L, Lagoo J, Teunissen PW. ‘I’m unworthy of being in this space’: The origins of shame in medical students. Med Educ. 2021 Feb;55(2):185-197. DOI: 10.1111/medu.14354
  • Bynum WE 4th. Filling the feedback gap: the unrecognised roles of shame and guilt in the feedback cycle. Med Educ. 2015 Jul;49(7):644-7. DOI: 10.1111/medu.12754
  • Bynum WE. Assessing for Learner Shame Should Be a Routine Part of Remediation for Unprofessional Behavior. Acad Med. 2017 Apr;92(4):424 DOI: 1097/ACM.0000000000001585
  • Carroll K. Shaming: Considerations for Practice. Nurs Sci Q. 2021 Apr;34(2):130-131. DOI: 10.1177/0894318420987183
  • Case, G.A., Pippitt, K.A. & Lewis, B.R. Shame. Perspect Med Educ7, 12–15 (2018). DOI: 1007/s40037-018-0429-6
  • Ferrill, H. P., & Brooks, A. (2024). Decreasing the Anxiety and Shame of Medical Students Not Placing into a Residency Using an Innovative Fifth-Year Educational Intervention. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 11. DOI: 10.1177/23821205241284459
  • Greenlees G, Archer L. Guilt, shame and negative emotion in undergraduate medical education: is there a role for Balint groups? Med Humanit. 2021 Sep 11:medhum-2020-012124. DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2020-012124
  • Hautz WE, Schröder T, Dannenberg KA, März M, Hölzer H, Ahlers O, Thomas A. Shame in Medical Education: A Randomized Study of the Acquisition of Intimate Examination Skills and Its Effect on Subsequent Performance. Teach Learn Med. 2017 Apr-Jun;29(2):196-206. DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2016.1254636
  • Herrmann-Werner, A., Loda, T., Erschens, R. et al. Face yourself! – learning progress and shame in different approaches of video feedback: a comparative study. BMC Med Educ 19, 88 (2019). DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1519-9 
  • Goldman, M. (2023). Ch.3 in The Social, Aesthetic, and Medical Implications of Performing Shame: Interdisciplinary Approaches (1st ed.). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003264132
  • Lindström UH, Hamberg K, Johansson EE. Medical students’ experiences of shame in professional enculturation. Med Educ. 2011 Oct;45(10):1016-24. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04022.x
  • Lusk, P. (2023). Anticipated shame and professional identity formation: Theorizing affect in medical training. Communication and Medicine. DOI: 10.1558/cam.21481
  • Lusk P. Emotion, ethics, epistemology: What can shame ‘do’ in medical education? J Eval Clin Pract. 2022 Nov 1. DOI: 10.1111/jep.13782.
  • Markman JD, Soeprono TM, Combs HL, Cosgrove EM. Medical student mistreatment: understanding ‘public humiliation’. Med Educ Online. 2019 Dec;24(1):1615367. DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2019.1615367
  • Rose A. Shame-to-cynicism conversion in The Citadeland The House of God. Med Humanit. 2020 Jun 16:medhum-2020-011882. DOI: 1136/medhum-2020-011882
  • Scott KM, Caldwell PH, Barnes EH, Barrett J. “Teaching by humiliation” and mistreatment of medical students in clinical rotations: a pilot study. Med J Aust. 2015 Aug 17;203(4):185e.1-6. DOI: 10.5694/mja15.00189
  • Shaw G. What ‘Learning by Shame’ Does to Young Doctors. Emergency Medical News. May 2019.  Click here.
  • Whelan B, Hjörleifsson S, Schei E. Shame in medical clerkship: “You just feel like dirt under someone’s shoe”. Perspect Med Educ. 2021 May 5. DOI: 10.1007/s40037-021-00665-w
  • Whelan, B., Schei, E., & Hutchinson, T. (2020). Shame in medical education: A mindful approach. The International Journal of Whole Person Care7(1), 11. DOI: 26443/ijwpc.v7i1.212
  • Yancey NR. Shame in Teaching-Learning: A Humanbecoming Perspective. Nurs Sci Q. 2021 Apr;34(2):125-129. DOI: 10.1177/0894318421993171
  • Bennett DS, Traub K, Mace L, Juarascio A, O’Hayer CV. Shame among people living with HIV: a literature review. AIDS Care. 2016;28(1):87-91.  DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1066749
  • Blackmore K, ‘Do you see me? A patient perspective,’ Journal of Trauma & Orthopaedics – Vol 12 / Iss 3, 2 Sept 2024.
  • Brennan ME, Bell K, Hamid, G, Gilchrist J, Gillingham J. Consumer experiences of shame in clinical encounters for breast cancer treatment. “Who do you think you are– Angelina Jolie?” The Breast. 2023 Oct 5. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.103587
  • Chapple A, Ziebland S, McPherson A. Stigma, shame, and blame experienced by patients with lung cancer: qualitative study. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2004;328(7454):1470. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38111.639734.7C.
  • Cheston, Katharine. “Staying with Narrative: Stories of Shame and Gynecological Pain.” Literature and Medicine, vol. 41 no. 2, 2023, p. 391-415. Project MUSE, DOI:10.1353/lm.2023.a921569.
  • Cheston K. (Dis)respect and shame in the context of ‘medically unexplained’ illness. J Eval Clin Pract. 2022 Jul 27. DOI: 10.1111/jep.13740.
  • Cheston K. Shamed and stigmatised: Narratives of complex, poorly-understood illness. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.
  • Darby RS, Henniger NE, Harris CR. (2014) Reactions to Physician-Inspired Shame and Guilt, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36:1, 9-6, DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2013.856782
  • Davidoff F. Shame: the elephant in the room. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):2-3. DOI: 1136/qhc.11.1.2
  • Dickerson SS, Gruenewald TL, Kemeny ME. When the social self is threatened: shame, physiology, and health. J Pers. 2004 Dec;72(6):1191-216. DOI: 1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00295.x
  • Dolezal, L., Editorial: ‘The Effects of Shame and Stigma on Patient Care.’ British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 21 Nov 2022.* DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2022.0441
  • Dolezal L. Shame anxiety, stigma and clinical encounters. J Eval Clin Pract. Vol. 28, No. 5, 2022; 854-860. * DOI: 10.1111/jep.13744
  • Dolezal, L. Shame, Stigma and HIV: Considering Affective Climates and the Phenomenology of Shame Anxiety. Lambda Nordica. Vol 26. No.2-3. November 2021.* DOI: 10.34041/ln.v27.741
  • Dolezal L, Lyons B. Health-related shame: an affective determinant of health? Med Humanit. 2017 Dec;43(4):257-263. Epub 2017 Jun 8. DOI: 1136/medhum-2017-011186
  • Dolezal L. The phenomenology of shame in the clinical encounter. Med Health Care Philos. 2015 Nov;18(4):567-76. DOI: 1007/s11019-015-9654-5
  • Galhardo A, Pinto-Gouveia J, Cunha M, Matos M. The impact of shame and self-judgment on psychopathology in infertile patients. Hum Reprod 2011;26(9):2408-14. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der209.
  • Gilbert P, Shame and the vulnerable self in medical contexts: the compassionate solution,
  • Goldberg DS. Pain, objectivity and history: understanding pain stigma
  • Harris CR, Darby RS. (2009) Shame in Physician–Patient Interactions: Patient Perspectives, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31:4, 325-334. DOI: 10.1080/01973530903316922
  • Hutchinson PDhairyawan R. Shame, stigma, HIV: philosophical reflections.
  • Jaeb MA, Pecanac KE. Shame in patient-health professional encounters: A scoping review. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2024 Mar 18. DOI: 10.1111/inm.13323.
  • Northrop JM. A dirty little secret: stigma, shame and hepatitis C in the health setting.
  • Lazare A. Shame and humiliation in the medical encounter. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Sep;147(9):1653-8. PMID: 3632171.
  • Li Q, Zhuo L, Zhang T. Shame in patients undergoing ureterostomy: A cross-sectional survey. Int Wound J. 2024 Mar;21(3):e14793. DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14793.
  • Lyons B, Dolezal L. Shame, health literacy and consent. Clinical Ethics. 2023;0(0). DOI: 10.1177/14777509231218203
  • Malterud K, Hollnagel H. Avoiding humiliations in the clinical encounter. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2007 Jun;25(2):69-74. DOI: 1080/02813430701237721
  • McLaughlin J. The medical reshaping of disabled bodies as a response to stigma and a route to normality.
  • Palmer A, Schwan D. Beneficent dehumanization: Employing artificial intelligence and carebots to mitigate shame-induced barriers to medical care. Bioethics. 2021 Dec 23. DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12986 
  • Parikh NS, Parker RM, Nurss JR, Baker DW, Williams MV. Shame and health literacy: the unspoken connection. Patient Educ Couns. 1996 Jan;27(1):33-9. DOI: 10.1016/0738-3991(95)00787-3
  • Schuler MS, Seney V. “It’s My Secret”: Shame as a Barrier to Care in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 2024;0(0). DOI: 10.1177/10783903241242748
  • Smith-Oka V. You’re joking: Exploring humour and humiliation as forms of shame and obstetric violence within medical encounters. J Eval Clin Pract. 2022 Oct;28(5):917-923. DOI: 10.1111/jep.13741.
  • Stage, C. (2022). Shame, Chronic Illness and Participatory Storytelling. Body & Society, 0(0). DOI: 10.1177/1357034X221129752
  • Sturt J. Shame in younger adults with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis: Where might this be leading? Diabet Med. 2022 Jan;39(1):e14693. DOI: 10.1111/dme.14693.
  • Thumiger C. The Body to be Hidden: Shame and Ancient Medicine in Medical Understandings of Emotions. Antiquity: Theory, Practice, Suffering. Ancient Emotions III, George Kazantzidis and Dimos Spatharas. 2022.
  • Veit, I., Spiekermann, K. (2019). Dealing with Shame in a Medical Context. In: Mayer, CH., Vanderheiden, E. (eds) The Bright Side of Shame. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13409-9_23
  • Woods A. On shame and voice-hearing. 
  • Wolf MS, Williams MV, Parker RM, Parikh NS, Nowlan AW, Baker DW. Patients’ shame and attitudes toward discussing the results of literacy screening. J Health Commun. 2007 Dec;12(8):721-32. DOI: 1080/10810730701672173
  • Allen D. Shame and stigma: why nurses fear seeking help when they reach rock bottom. Mental Health Practice. 24,6,6-8. DOI: 10.7748/mhp.24.6.6.s2
  • Aubin D, King S. The Healthcare Environment: A Perfect Ecosystem for Growing Shame. Healthc Q. 2018 Jan;20(4):31-36. DOI: 10.12927/hcq.2018.25426
  • Bowman D. Vulnerability, survival and shame in Nina Raine’s Tiger Country.
  • Bromley E. Shame as a moral mood in medicine. J Eval Clin Pract. 2022 Jun 2. DOI: 10.1111/jep.13708.
  • Cock E. ‘He would by no means risque his Reputation’: patient and doctor shame in Daniel Turner’s De Morbis Cutaneis (1714) and Syphilis (1717),
  • Cunningham W, Wilson H. Republished original viewpoint: complaints, shame and defensive medicine. Postgrad Med J. 2011 Dec;87(1034):837-40. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2011.051722rep
  • Cunningham W, Wilson H. Shame, guilt and the medical practitioner. N Z Med J. 2003 Oct 10;116(1183):U629. PMID: 14581943.
  • Davidoff F. Shame: the elephant in the room. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Mar;11(1):2-3. doi: 10.1136/qhc.11.1.2. DOI: 1136/qhc.11.1.2
  • Davies, O., Dolezal, L., Bynum, W.E., Wu, C., and Berry, H. ‘Needlestick’. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 386 (2022) 1587-1589.* Open Access.
  • DeJong, C. A. J. et al. (2024) “The physician-to-physician health-care barriers—a phenomenological study.” Academia Mental Health and Well-Being, 1(2). DOI: 10.20935/MHealthWellB7337.
  • Felblinger DM. Incivility and bullying in the workplace and nurses’ shame responses. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2008 Mar-Apr;37(2):234-41; quiz 241-2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00227.x
  • Ferguson CC. The Emotional Fallout From the Culture of Blame and Shame. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Dec 1;171(12):1141. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2691
  • Henderson M, Brooks SK, Del Busso L, Chalder T, Harvey SB, Hotopf M, Madan I, Hatch S. Shame! Self-stigmatisation as an obstacle to sick doctors returning to work: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2012 Oct 15;2(5):e001776. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001776
  • Hoff JJ, Zimmerman A, Tupetz A, Van Vleet L, Staton C, Joiner A. Shame and Guilt in EMS: A Qualitative Analysis of Culture and Attitudes in Prehospital Emergency Care. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022 May 26:1-9. DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2022.2074178. 
  • Jaeb MA. Concept analysis of shame in nursing. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2021 Nov 9. DOI: 10.1111/inm.12948
  • Jarvis, L.C. (2016), “Shame and institutional stability – or – change in healthcare”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 36 No. 3/4, pp. 173-189. DOI: 10.1108/IJSSP-02-2015-0015
  • Lazare A. Shame and humiliation in the medical encounter. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Sep;147(9):1653-8. PMID: 3632171.
  • Lyons B, Gibson M, Dolezal L. Stories of shame. Lancet. 2018 Apr 21;391(10130):1568-1569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30897-3
  • Mehlman MJ. The shame of medical malpractice. J Leg Med. 2006 Mar;27(1):17-32. DOI: 10.1080/01947640500533218
  • Miles, S. Addressing shame: what role does shame play in the formation of a modern medical professional identity? BJPsych Bulletin. 2020 Feb;44(1):1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2019.49
  • Nihei Y, Asakura K, Sugiyama S, Takada N. A concept analysis of shame in the field of nursing. Nurs Forum. 2022 Oct 21. DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12814.
  • Ofri D. Ashamed to admit it: owning up to medical error. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010 Aug;29(8):1549-51. DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0946. 
  • Osborne A. Black Shame in the Hour of Oppression. J Grad Med Educ. 2023 Dec;15(6):650-651. DOI: 10.4300/JGME-D-23-00236.1.
  • Sanders K, Pattison S, Hurwitz B. Tracking shame and humiliation in Accident and Emergency. Nurs Philos. 2011 Apr;12(2):83-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-769X.2010.00480.x
  • Shaughnessy MJ. Integrative Literature Review on Shame. Nurs Sci Q. 2018 Jan;31(1):86-94. DOI: 10.1177/0894318417741120
  • Sklar DP. Recognizing and eliminating shame culture in health professions education. Acad Med. 2019; 94(8): 1061-1063. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002770
  • Zabari ML, Southern NL. Effects of Shame and Guilt on Error Reporting Among Obstetric Clinicians. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2018 Jul;47(4):468-478. DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2018.03.002
  • Amonini C, Pettigrew S, Clayforth C. The potential of shame as a message appeal in antismoking television advertisements. Tob Control. 2015 Sep;24(5):436-41. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051737.
  • Brewis A, Wutich A. Why we should never do it: stigma as a behaviour change tool in global health. BMJ Glob Health. 2019 Oct 23;4(5):e001911. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001911.
  • Cooper, F., Dolezal, L. & Rose, A. Shame-Sensitive Public Health. J Med Humanit (2024).*~ Open Access.
  • Eyal N. Nudging by shaming, shaming by nudging. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014 Jul 25;3(2):53-6. DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.68. 

  • Cooper, F., Dolezal, L. & Rose, A. Shame-Sensitive Public Health. J Med Humanit (2024).*~ Open Access.
  • Dolezal L, Rose A. A Sartrean analysis of pandemic shaming. Phenomenol Cogn Sci. 2023 Jan 21:1-19. DOI: 10.1007/s11097-023-09890-6.
  • Dolezal L, Spratt T. Fat shaming under neoliberalism and COVID-19: Examining the UK’s Tackling Obesity campaign. Sociol Health Illn. 2023 Jan;45(1):3-18. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13555.
  • Dolezal L, Rose A, Cooper F. COVID-19, online shaming, and health-care professionals. Lancet. 2021 Aug 7;398(10299):482-483. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01706-2.
  • Edmond SN. As A Mother With COVID-19, I Faced Stigma And Shame. Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Jun;40(6):1006-1008. DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00378.
  • Jecker NS, Takahashi S, Shaming and Stigmatizing Healthcare Workers in Japan During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Public Health Ethics, Volume 14, Issue 1, April 2021, 72–78. DOI:10.1093/phe/phab003
  • Golafshani M. Empathy and shame through critical phenomenology: The limits and possibilities of affective work and the case of COVID-19 vaccinations. J Eval Clin Pract. 2022 Sep 25:10.1111/jep.13761. DOI: 10.1111/jep.13761.
  • López-Pérez B, Hanoch Y, Gummerum M. Coronashaming: interpersonal affect worsening in contexts of COVID-19 rule violations. Cogn Emot. 2021 Dec 9:1-14. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.2013778
  • Marčinko D, Bilić V, Eterović M. Shame and COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatr Danub. 2021 Spring-Summer;33(Suppl 4):697-701. View article.
  • Williams, S, S. “A Strange, Contagious Fear”: Scarlet Letters and Shame in the Time of Coronavirus. Nathaniel Hawthorne Review. 2021;47(1): 144–166. DOI: 10.5325/nathhawtrevi.47.1.0144